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Expedition 16 was the 16th expedition to the International Space Station (ISS). The first two crew members, Yuri Malenchenko and Peggy Whitson, launched on 10 October 2007, aboard Soyuz TMA-11, and were joined by spaceflight participant Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, the first Malaysian in space.
Expedition 15 Flight Engineer Clayton Anderson did not land with the Soyuz TMA-10, so he was considered part of Expedition 16 for the few weeks prior to the arrival of STS-120. STS-120 launched on 23 October, docked on 25 October, and replaced Anderson with new Flight Engineer Daniel Tani. Following docking, the Soyuz seat liners for Anderson and Tani were swapped, and Anderson became part of the STS-120 crew. Léopold Eyharts, who came aboard during STS-122, joined the mission on 9 February 2008, replacing Tani. The crew was then joined by Garrett Reisman, who was launched aboard Endeavour with STS-123, on 11 March 2008, replacing Eyharts. Reisman joined Expedition 16 in progress, and was a part of Expedition 17 as well. Upon reentry, the astronaut's Soyuz TMA-11 spacecraft suffered a minor malfunction, causing the craft to follow a very steep ballistic descent. As a result, the crew experienced forces up to 10 G, ending up about 260 miles (418 km) west of the targeted landing site. Roscosmos reported all three crew members were doing just fine and in good health.

This version of the A-B Emblem Expedition 16 patch has the names of the crew members on it. 

The Extravehicular Activity Development Flight Test - 05 consists of the payload bay hardware elements of Detailed Test Objective (DTO) 671, EVA Hardware for Future Scheduled Extravehicular Missions.  EDFT - 05's main objective is to demonstrate International Space Station (ISS) on-orbit, end-to-end EVA assembly and maintenance operations.  The other DTO's included in this test are DTO 672, Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) Electrical Cuff Checklist and DTO 833, EMU Thermal Comfort and EVA Worksite Thermal Environment.  Another objective is to expand the EVA experience base for ground and flight crews.  Two EVA's will be performed on this mission to accomplish these DTO's.
The portside-mounted EDFT-05 hardware is in bay 7 and consists of the Orbital Replacement Unit (ORU) Transfer Device (OTD), a Pitch/Yaw Worksite Interface (WIF) Fitting, and Flight Support Equipment (FSE) to the sidewall carrier.
The starboard-mounted EDFT-05 hardware consists of bay 2 Portable Work Platform (PWP) components including the Articulating Portable Foot Restraint (APFR), Temporary Equipment Restraint Aid (TERA), and Work Station Stanchion (WSS).  Bay 7 contains the ORU Simulator and Carrier Assembly (OSCA) consisting of a Battery ORU Simulator attached to the Cargo Handling Interface Assembly (CHIA), and the Dry Carrier (DCC) Simulator.  Bay 8 houses an adapter plate with WIF's and a mounting location for the cable caddy. 
During launch and landing EVA equipment stowage requires orbiter middeck locker space and the starboard Portable Stowage Assembly (PSA).
Prior to scheduled EDFT - 05 activities, orbiter cabin pressure will be lowered to 10.2 psi and the standard EVA prebreathe protocols started.  EDFT - 05 activities require two crew members  to perform two full-duration EVA's and one crew member to provide Intravehicular Activity (IVA) support.